C. King &, P. M. Lester. (Autumn 2005). Photographic Coverage during the Persian Gulf and Iraqi Wars in Three U.S. Newspapers. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. Vol. 82, No. 3, pp. 623-637.
Cynthia King
Paul Martin LesterProfessors of Communications,
California State University, Fullerton
The Wars with Iraq, 1991 and 2003 offer researchers a unique opportunity to study differences in the visual coverage between media pools and embedded journalists. While the media pool system used in 1991 was criticized for restricting journalists and their stories too severely, the 2003 embedded journalists, although faced with restrictions as well, gave many more journalists much closer access to the fighting. Consequently, one would expect to see differences in the printed reports between the two wars.
Termed "Desert Storm" by the military and the "Persian Gulf War" by the media, the clash with Iraq over Kuwait in 1991 was an example of the often-tenuous relationship between government officials and journalists. Hundreds of journalists from news organizations throughout the world covered the front from Saudi Arabia, but only about 100 were chosen to make up the official military press pool, with less than 20 allowed to accompany military officials at any one time.
Pulitzer Prize reporter Malcolm W. Brown explained, "The war-coverage system in the Persian Gulf, worked out by the Pentagon and representatives of major American news organizations last summer, has antecedents that date from the brief Grenada war of 1983, which reporters were barred from covering. Their employers objected so strongly that the Pentagon convened a commission headed by Maj. Gen. Winant Sidle, retired chief of Army information, and made up mainly of military and Government public-affairs officials. It recommended that future wars be covered by pools of news representatives-selected, controlled and censored by the military."
- see full essay on website
http://commfaculty.fullerton.edu/lester/writings/iraq_war.html
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